Rujukan Orang Indo-Yunani

  1. ↑ Sebagaimana dengan kata majmuk yang lain seperti "Perancis-Kanada", "Afrika-Amerika", "Indo-Eropah" dan sebagainya... tempat asal biasanya didahului dan diikuti oleh tempat ketibaan. Justeru itu, istilah "Yunani-India" biasanya merupakan tatanama yang lebih tepat daripada istilah "Indo-Yunani". Bagaimanapun, istilah "Indo-Yunani" kini lebih umum digunakan, khususnya sejak penerbitan buku Narain yang berjudul The Indo-Greeks.
  2. ↑ Menurut Polybius 11.34, Euthydemus I ialah orang Yunani Magnesia. Justeru, Demetrius I, puteranya yang juga pengasas kerajaan Indo-Yunani, adalah berketurunan Yunani, sekurang-kurangnya daripada sebelah bapanya. Perjanjian perkahwinan yang diatur untuk Demetrius yang sama dengan salah satu puteri Antiochus III, raja Seleucid yang mempunyai sesetengah keturunan Parsi (Polybius 11.34). Keetnikan raja Indo-Yunani yang kemudian kurang jelas ("Nota tentang Keyunanian di Bactria dan India". W. W. Tarn. Journal of Hellenic Studies, Jilid. 22 (1902), m.s. 268–293). Misalnya, Artemidoros (80 SM) mungkin berketurunan Indo-Scythia. Sesetengah kahwin campur mungkin juga berlaku, misalnya perkahwinan Alexander III dari Macedon (yang mengahwini Roxana dari Bactria), dan perkahwinan Seleucus (yang mengahwini Apama).
  3. ↑ Mortimer Wheeler Flames over Persepolis (London, 1968). Pp. 112 ff. It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a polis or with a Hippodamian plan.
  4. ↑ "Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p.83. McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p.377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be Sialkot, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."
  5. ↑ "A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, p.130
  6. ↑ "When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p.278
  7. ↑ Jairazbhoy, Rafique Ali (1995). Foreign influence in ancient Indo-Pakistan. Sind Book House. m/s. 100. ISBN 9698281002. Apollodotus, pengasas kerajaan Yunani-India (k.k. 160 SM). 
  8. ↑ India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, p.92-93
  9. ↑ "To the colonies settled in India, Python, the son of Agenor, was sent." Justin XIII.4
  10. ↑ India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, p.106-107
  11. ↑ "Strabo 15.2.1(9)". 
  12. ↑ India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, p.108-109
  13. ↑ "Tiga duta Yunani dikenali sebagai Megasthenes, duta ke Chandragupta; Deimachus, duta ke putera Chandragupta, Bindusara; dan Dyonisius, yang diutuskan oleh Ptolemy Philadelphus ke istana Asoka, putera Bindusara", McEvilley, p.367
  14. ↑ Mengikut sumber klasik, selepas perjanjian mereka, Chandragupta dan Seleucus bertukar hadiah, seperti ketika Chandragupta menghantar pelbagai jenis afrodisiak kepada Seleucus: "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters as to make people more amorous. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love" Athenaeus of Naucratis, "The deipnosophists" Book I, bab 32 Ath. Deip. I.32. Disebut dalam McEvilley, p.367
  15. ↑ "The very fact that both Megasthenes and Kautilya refer to a state department run and maintained specifically for the purpose of looking after foreigners, who were mostly Yavanas and Persians, testifies to the impact created by these contacts.", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks", ms.363
  16. ↑ "It also explains (...) random finds from the Sarnath, Basarth, and Patna regions of terra-cotta pieces of distinctive Hellenistic or with definite Hellenistic motifs and designs", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, ms.363
  17. ↑ "Sebuah edik batuan yang kurang penting yang baru-baru ini ditemui di Kandahar ditulis dengan menggunakan dua tulisan, iaitu tulisan bahasa Greek dan bahasa Aramia", India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, m.s. 112
  18. ↑ "The second Kandahar edict (the purely Greek one) of Asoka is a part of the "corpus" known as the "Fourteen-Rock-Edicts"" Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, ms.452
  19. ↑ "It is also in Kandahar that were found the fragments of a Greek translation of Edicts XII and XIII, as well as the Aramean translation of another edict of Asoka", Bussagli, ms.89
  20. ↑ "Within Ashoka's domain Greeks may have had special privileges, perhaps ones established by the terms of the Seleucid alliance. Rock Edict Thirteen indicates the existence of a Greek principality in the northwest of Ashoka's empire -perhaps Kandahar, or Alexandria-of-the-Arachosians- which was not ruled by him and for which he troubled to send Buddhist missionaries and published at least some of his edicts in Greek", McEvilley, p.368
  21. ↑ "Thirteen, the longest and most important of the edicts, contains the claim, seemingly outlandish t first glance, that Ashoka had sent missions to the lands of the Greek monarchs -not only those of Asia, such as the Seleucids, but those back in the Mediterranean also", McEvilley, p.368
  22. ↑ "When Ashoka was converted to Buddhism, his first thought was to despatch missionaries to his friends, the Greek monarchs of Egypt, Syria, and Macedonia", Rawlinson, Intercourse between India and the Western world, p.39, quoted in McEvilley, p.368
  23. ↑ "In Rock Edict Two Ashoka even claims to have established hospitals for men and beasts in the Hellenistic kingdoms", McEvilley, p.368
  24. ↑ "One of the most famous of these emissaries, Dharmaraksita, who was said to have converted thousands, was a Greek (Mhv.XII.5 and 34)", McEvilley, ms.370
  25. ↑ "The Mahavamsa tells that "the celebrated Greek teacher Mahadharmaraksita in the second century BC led a delegation of 30,000 monks from Alexandria-of-the-Caucasus, Alexandra-of-the-Yonas, or of-the-Greeks, the Ceylonese text actually says to the opening of the great Ruanvalli Stupa at Anuradhapura"", McEvilley, ms.370, memetik Woodcock, "The Greeks in India", ms.55
  26. ↑ Teks penuh Mahavamsa Klik pada bab XII
  27. ↑ "The finest of the pillars were executed by Greek or Perso-Greek sculptors; others by local craftsmen, with or without foreign supervision" Marshall, "The Buddhist art of Gandhara", ms.4
  28. ↑ "A number of foreign artisans, such as the Persians or even the Greeks, worked alongside the local craftsmen, and some of their skills were copied with avidity" Burjor Avari, "India, The ancient past", ms.118
  29. ↑ "Antiochos III, after having made peace with Euthydemus I after the aborted siege of Bactra, renewed with Sophagasenus the alliance concluded by his ancestor Seleucos I", Bopearachchi, Monnaies, ms.52


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